Biomechanice in Volleyball

Physical Education Volleyball Year 11 The purpose of this report is to evaluate my performance, of my chosen serve the overhand serve, using biomechanical principles. As stated by Amezdroz et al, (2004) â€Å"Biomechanics is the study of how living things move, and the efficiency of movement, in particular. Biomechanics is used to† Provide valid reasons for observed effects diagnose problems with technique and justify changes in technique. †Throughout this term I have taken photos of my progress within the Overhand serve, I will be showing you in detail my strengths and weaknesses when applying the serve I will be Correcting errors and justifying my analysis using biomechanical principles. The accurate technique of the over hand serve. To start off the serve you need to make sure you have volleyball, a court and opponents. When getting ready to serve Set yourself up with your feet, hips and shoulders facing the direction you want the ball to go.The less movement you have while performing this serve the better. For a right handed person the left foot is slightly forward, both knees are slightly flexed, with your body weight equally distributed, hold the ball in your non dominate hand at chest level, palm up, it is important to keep your elbow Loose with a slight bend, Position your serving arm so your elbow and hand are just above your ear, keep your hand open and your wrist locked.The toss is the most Important part of this serve, toss the ball 12 to 18 inches above your head in front of your serving shoulder, this keeps your serving motion simple, so you can reach high and hit the ball with a powerful swing, contact the ball with the heel of your hand, keeping your hand opened and flat, your wrist should be locked your arm fully extended, step forwardAs you can see in this figure, the Girl has got her feet, hips and shoulders facing the way she wants the ball to go, her body is also equally distributed, both of her knees are slightly bend also whe n she has tossed the ball up it has gone about 12 to 18 inches and it is also in front of her serving shoulder, then she hits the ball through with a powerful swing.

Timber frame construction

IntroductionModern building comes in many signifiers, from traditional masonry, to precast concrete, to steel, and in recent times timber frame building. Timber frame and masonry building are really similar looking edifices. Over the last 30 old ages in Ireland the chief type used in domestic home was masonry building which consists of block inner foliage, pit, insularity and a block outer foliage, externally finished usually with a brick or plaster rendered block. Over the last 12 old ages timber frame building has grown to account for about 40 per centum of the market. Timber frame building consists of an off site engineered edifice which arrives to site and the pieces are assembled to finish the unit. The external coating is likewise to masonry with brick or plaster rendered block. The ground for chosen this subject is to happen why this alteration occurred. The intent of this thesis is to analyze the Irish lodging market over the last figure of old ages, besides to happen out the grounds for lumber frame building going more popular.PurposeTo happen out why the tendency of edifice domestic lodging in Ireland has changed from masonr y building to timber frame building.AimsTo look into the Irish lodging market and happen grounds for the tendency alteration from masonry building to timber frame building.To analyze the grounds why lumber frame building has grown to the degree it has over masonry building.To analyze the positions of householders and belongings developers towards lumber frame building.Literature ReviewThe primary informations will be sourced from RGU database, Internet sites, RGU books and diaries. Relevant Irish authorities studies and web sites will besides be looked at to derive an indifferent position. Besides the positions of the building bureaus in Ireland will be explored.Research and methodological analysisThe writer programs on making a comparing of the two building types in order to accomplish grounds for the displacement in tendency. The brief comparing instance surveies will include cost, clip, heat and energy of both types of building.QuestionnairesQuestionnaires provided the primary re search for this thesis. The writer shall make up one and give it out to relevant householders and belongings developers to derive an penetration into their positions. By making this the writer will happen out the market potency of lumber frame building.Structure of DissertationChapter OneThis chapter explains the rubric of the thesis, introduces the motives and gives a background for the grounds for taking this subject. The writer explains to the reader the purpose and aims of the thesis and how they are traveling to be achieved.Chapter TwoThe literature reappraisal will look into in tendency in Irish building. Current building bureaus studies will be looked to seek and derive an penetration to the alteration in tendency. The writer feels that this will accomplish the first expostulation of this thesis.Chapter ThreeThis chapter will look into the two edifice options with respect to be, clip, heat and energy. This will be done by a figure of interviews and instance surveies. Areas lo oked at will be building cost and life rhythm costs. Besides will include a instance survey of both types of building where U-Values and Building Energy Rating will be achieved and assessed to derive an penetration into why the tendency shifted. The writer feels that this will accomplish the 2nd expostulation of this thesis.Chapter FourThis chapter the sentiments and positions of householders and belongings developers towards lumber frame building and masonry building are explored by agencies of a questionnaire. The writer feels this will accomplish the 3rd expostulation of the thesis.Chapter FiveIn this eventually chapter the decision provides a brief sum-up of the determination of the predating chapters.Literature ReviewBackgroundOver 70 % of place in the developed universe are timber frame places. 60 % of Scots new home are timber frame and over all in the United Kingdom timber frame histories for 15 % of new places. Ireland is easy following our neighbors. Over the last 10 twelv emonth Ireland had been sing a building roar. Housing units been completed in 2000 being 49,812 units turning to 62,686 in 2003, top outing in 2006 with 82,980 unit completed. After 2006 the lodging market in Ireland started to fall, Numberss of units being built in 2007 being 71,356 go oning to fall in 2008 as 48,151 units and go oning to fall in 2009. ( Cardinal Statistics Office Ireland 2008 ) Many lodging estates and flat blocks had been starting up in every metropolis, town and small town chiefly around the computing machine belt around the capital metropolis of Ireland Dublin. Then easy the remainder of the state following. In 1992 lumber frame building history for merely 5 % of the new brooding market. Since so it has grown to tremendous degrees to account for 30 % of entire lodging building nationally ( Construction Industry Federation 2009 ) . Typical these edifice were constructed by masonry building, this consisted of a 300mm pit wall with block inner foliage, insularity, pit and a brick/block outer foliage finished with a plaster render. Over the last 17 old ages timber frame building has shown steady growing. Timber frame building consists of an off site engineered edifice which arrives to site and the pieces are assembled to finish the unit. The external coating is likewise to masonry with brick or plaster rendered block. Some industry experts predict that by 2012 it will account for 50 % of the new brooding market. â€Å" The lumber frame industry in Ireland has shown strength and resiliency, despite these hard economic times. When the upturn comes, timber frame building will be presented with legion chances. † ( Maurice Buckley, CEO, NSAI – National Standards Authority of Ireland. )Reasons for this occurrence?EnergyIn Ireland over the last figure of old ages at that place has been a bend in attitude sing the environment, which has in some portion resulted in alterations been implemented by the building industry with respect to energy preservation. The chief subject that has come to the bow on an Irish domestic degree is the preservation of fuel and energy ingestion. The building industry has been identified as a considerable portion of the national energy measure. Attitudes of developers and householder are altering to environmentally friendly edifices. Due to this lumber frame building has seen a steady growing. Timber frame is renewable constructing option, for every tree cut d own two more are planted. The cost of turning the natural merchandise into a edifice stuff is conceivably less than traditional methods. â€Å" Timber is the lone sustainable renewable commercially feasible constructing stuff. The production of concrete green goodss huge sums of Carbon Dioxide ( C02 ) , which has a negative impact on the environment and contributes significantly to planetary heating. † ( Irish Timber Frame Manufacturing Association 2009 )SpeedAs the building roar grow so did the demand for lodging and more significantly fast lodging. One of the chief factors for this bend towards timber frame is speed of building. The frame of the edifice can be erected in a figure of yearss which compared to typical masonry edifice is improbably faster. This is due to the lumber frame been constructed off site in a mill and delivered to site as a planned procedure of assembly. Masonry on the other manus takes a figure of hebdomads to make roof degree where as lumber frame is erected in a figure of yearss. Even in moisture conditions work can still go on as a staging system is in topographic point around the fo undation, where as blocks for masonry building can merely be laid in dry conditions. Besides with lumber frame building the edifice is weather proof much faster so internal plants can get down much quicker. Besides a batch of the slower work for pipe fitters and linemans such as first repair is much easy done in a lumber frame house. â€Å" Timber frame has 30 % shorter, more predictable building clip than brick and block † ( UK Timber Frame Association 2009 ) . In masonry building the usage of moisture trades in the physique causes excess clip needed for drying out. Because lumber frame is a dry signifier of building there is no drying out clip which is a economy of a figure of hebdomads. Besides because of this there is less lightly a hazard of checking looking on walls and ceilings for shriveling which can happen in masonry often.CostThe cost of a lumber frame house is similar to masonry built. Unlike masonry, costs of a lumber frame physique can be fixed long before the foundations are poured. This is due to most timber frame providers besides fix the construction. So a fix monetary value for a fixed solution. No rain yearss for wet trades or no extra costs. â€Å" This ensures that the extra disbursals that spiral as a edifice advancement can be eliminated. † ( Irish Timber Frame Manufacturing Association 2009 ) . The figure of individuals need to repair the construction is lower than a masonry physique, besides with respect to clip, clip is money so the faster the physique the cheaper for the developer and home-builder. Besides the manus over clip for a complete home is must faster so this will profit developer ‘s hard currency flow and profitableness. Due to the velocity of building on site security cost or greatly reduced.Flexibility of LayoutBecause timber frames internal walls being building out of light weigh divider walls the internal infinite of a lumber frame physique is really flexible. Any errors in layout of internal walls is easy rectified, where as masonry internal wall would be peculiarly more hard to rectify.Case StudiesIntroductionTo acquire existent grounds for the tendency mover towards timber frame building and to acquire a true indicant of the cost difference in both timber frame and traditional masonry domestic building the writer looked at two cardinal countries, b uilding costs and life rhythm costs. In relation to building costs the countries of preliminary costs ; works and equipment costs and site labor costs are looked at in greater item.Construction CostssPreliminary CostssEvery building undertaking incurs preliminary costs. Preliminary costs are defined as, â€Å" Costss which are straight involved with the overall completion of a building undertaking † ( Roy Chudley 2002 ) These costs include points such as site direction, insurance for the undertaking, drivers and secret agents. On larger sites where site cabins, offices, storage rooms, lavatories and canteens are required the costs incurred are besides referred to as preliminary costs. For each undertaking there is an allowance set aside for preliminary costs. However in relation to timber frame building these costs are included in the overall lumber frame bundle. This is a consequence of the bulk of the work required for lumber frame building being carried out off site, which in bend makes the budget costs a batch cheaper than traditional masonry. Derek Moore a manager with Timberline edifice contractors Ltd Dublin provinces, â€Å" by pre-manufacturing the lumber frame off-site, houses are constructed more cost efficaciously † . ( Pick a Pro 2009 ) To endorse up this point the Irish Timber frame manufactures association provinces â€Å" this method of building is non cheaper peculiarly if the builder has n't thought his patterns through but because mill fiction means much greater predictability, better controls and of class, a faster gait † ( Irish Timber Frame Manufacturing Association 2009 ) . This is non the instance for its traditional masonry opposite number as preliminary costs are required as a separate budget, this is due to the fact that all of the work required for traditional masonry is carried out on site. A bulk of the preliminary budget for the traditional masonry method includes hire of works and proviso for skips and concrete silos on site etc. Another factor to be taken into consideration is the clip period taken to build a lumber frame house, which is significantly lower than that of traditional masonry opposite number. Costss such as site supervising and the demand for applied scientists and the similar on site are greatly reduced.Plant and Equipment CostssPlant and equipment costs should be taken in to consideration when covering with building costs. Every undertaking requires certain types of equipment and works to transport out work to a decision. Harmonizing to Colm Kilroy a measure surveyor with Michael Higgins and associates in Galway, â€Å" works and equipment costs are a major portion of all building undertakings, the use of such equipment is critical as a batch of money can be wasted due to bad direction and planning on site † . He continued to state â€Å" if works is required on site for a certain occupation it is critical that the site is ready for that equipment as once it arrives on site it has to be paid for. † ( Colm Kilroy 2009 ) The conditions can besides plays a portion in works and equipment costs, inauspicious conditions conditions can take to a batch of equipment being left idle while the cost for holding it on the site is still being charged. Obviously the conditions conditions can non be controlled by the undertaking squad but in periods of forecasted inclement weather the ordination of works and stuffs should be avoided if possible.Site Labour CostssThis country of site labor costs greatly differs with both methods of building. A batch of the factors in relation to be for the lumber frame method of building are all inclusive of the over lumber frame bundle, the bulk of the work to be carried out by specialized labor is completed in the mill and one time the lumber frame unit leaves for the site their work is finished. This in bend reduces any call back costs, to complement this, the Irish lumber frame manufactures association provinces that, â€Å" There are lower call back costs ; any jobs encountered can be eliminated instantly by the lumber frame specializers before go forthing the mill. † ( Irish Timber Frame Manufacturing Association 2009 ) The cost for the labor to rectify these jobs is still inclusive of the lumber frame bundle. Traditional masonry building is in comparing carried out otherwise with all the building work associated with traditional masonry been carried out on site and with each single trade necessitating labors to transport out the work.Cost Case StudyThe writer compiled a cost comparing from a building contractor ‘s point of position for the development of a lumber frame and masonry domestic home. The house programs used to transport out this comparing were based on a individual house within a development of five similar houses, merely the major elements of the constructions were included in the pricing. for the comparing were obtained from Barry Doyle a measure surveyor with a Co Carlow company and John O Connell a building contractor in Co Galway. The lumber frame house is more expensive to build than its masonry opposite number. There is a cost difference of about a‚ ¬9,000 between both methods to build a individual house taking the chief structural elements in to consideration. For the development consisting of five houses where this house is located the entire monetary value difference in the building of the five houses utilizing both methods of building can be up to a‚ ¬45,000 to a‚ ¬50,000. The undermentioned information shows the logical thinking behind the monetary value differences for the of import elements of the building.Timber frame kitThis component looks to be really expensive but the bulk of stuffs needed to finish the lumber frame house including the labor needed for the building are included.Concrete raft foundationThe monetary value of the raft foundation differs as there is less steel required in the raft for the lumber frame house in comparing to the masonry built house, this leads t o nest eggs for both the labor and stuffs.Block workThe difference in the monetary value of the block work is due to the interior foliage and the internal walls of the lumber frame house been constructed of lumber.RoofThe lumber frame kit incorporates a bulk of the roof in the over all bundle which leads is a monolithic monetary value difference from the standard roof for the masonry home.InsulationDue to the demand for more insularity in the lumber frame house there is a difference in monetary value over its masonry opposite number.SlabbingAs with the insularity due to the sum of timber stud internal dividers and timber interior foliage walls the lumber frame brooding requires more plaster board than the masonry method which increases both the sum of stuff and labor.PlasteringThe daubing component differs entirely because of the decreased measure of abrasion coat required in the lumber frame house.CarpentryThe monetary value difference in relation to woodworking is a consequence of a batch of the lumber work coming pre fabricated as portion of the lumber frame kit, an illustration being the doors coming pre hung with ironmongery fitted and architrave already attached.Main contractors ProfitThe chief contractors net income has been calculated on the standard per centum being 5 % .Life Cycle CostssIntroductionLife rhythm costs are normally interpreted as, † The operating costs of edifices over the prognosis utile life attributed to them † ( Bruceshaw 2009 ) These costs include initial capital costs, business costs and operating costs. In relation to the edifice industry and in peculiar to the traditional masonry and lumber frame methods of building, life rhythm costs are indispensable in make up one's minding which is the overall cost effectual method of building is. In this chapter the writer discusses countries such as the running costs and other costs that are involved with both signifiers of building.Design Differences and ChangesFrom an aesthetic point of position lumber frame and traditional masonry constructed homes when constructed look really similar, nevertheless lumber frame houses, â€Å" Let for more versatile designs than block built houses † ( Pick a Pro 2009 ) The inquiry is one time the house is constructed how easy is it to transport out alterations to the design. In relation to these changes Kingspan Century province, â€Å" Due to the fact the interior foliage of your lumber frame house is constructed of solid wood and gypsum board, and non concrete blocks and plaster, extensions and changes by and large have significantly reduced impact on the bing edifice † . ( Kingspan Century 2007 ) To further this statement MBS Timber frame Ltd province, â€Å" Because the inside of a lumber frame house is made of wooden panels and gypsum board, changes and extensions will non affect the muss and terrible break of strike harding down solid block walls, and all the other tests and trials that accompany this type of work † . ( MBC Timber Frame 2009 ) Alternatively the block work internal foliage of a masonry house has distinguishable advantages over is timber frame opposite number. Undertakings such as repairing a shelf or drape rail can be a slippery with the lumber frame method, â€Å" There is no job making this in a masonry physique place as all the walls are capable of keeping shelves, drape tracks etc. it would be a simple affair of boring the holes in the right topographic point and sleep togethering your shelf into topographic point † ( Irish Concrete Federation 2009 ) . In comparing, with a lumber frame house, harmonizing to John Meehan a carpenter with a Co Galway Company, â€Å" If you are put ining a new kitchen or telecasting unit, you may happen that there are no evidences in the wall where you need a repair. If in this state of affairs if your repair is put in topographic point without happening a he-man, the unit is certain to fall down under force per unit area † . ( David Treacy 2009 )Property Market and Selling ValueInfluencing factors in relation to domestic building include resale value and easiness of sale. The traditional masonry constructed procedure has built up a repute of been a good marketer and a front-runner with the Irish populace, Galway auctioneer John Gilmore provinces, â€Å" Block built houses are easier to sell as people by and large go for the sure method, a batch of people asking about lumber frame houses are wary and are non easy convinced as to its benefits † ( Liam Gordon 2009 ) .The position of an Irish lumber frame company is that,â€Å" Auctioneers and estate agents are by and large of the sentiment that non merely is timber frame non an obstruction in selling a place, but on the contrary, is going more and more a major merchandising point. The energy efficiency of lumber frame houses is going an progressively valued characteristic † . ( Kingspan Century 2008 ) To repeat this, â€Å" For mortgage intents and insurance, most loaners and insurance companies rank lumber frame every bit with block work. Equally far as resale value is concerned, there appears to be no difference at all between the two systems. However some persons have their ain penchants, built up from their ain experience or things they have heard about either system † . ( Homebuilding and Renovating Magazine 2005 )Runing CostssThe lumber frame method of domestic building brushs big nest eggs over its traditional masonry opposite number. These nest eggs result from the lumber frame house holding an allowance for insularity on both the external and internal walls ; this differs well from the traditional masonry method where in most instances merely the external walls contain insularity. â€Å" Because lumber frame constructions are highly good insulated and have less mass than more traditional signifiers of building, important nest eggs can be made in warming costs † . ( Homebuilding and Renovating Magazine 2005 ) A taking Irish lumber frame company states, â€Å" Savingss of between 30 % and 40 % on warming measures are reasonably typical † . ( Devsan Timber Frame Homes 2009 ) In relation to farther nest eggs in the hereafter with lumber frame, â€Å" It is estimated that the warming cost of a lumber frame place can be 30 % lower than that of a masonry home, and the rapid rise in energy costs these costs look set to increase † . Sunday Business Post Newspaper 2007 ) In decision the nest eggs to be made with the lumber frame method of domestic building in relation to warming and energy usage are extended over its masonry opposite number.Time of ConstructionIntroductionFrom a clip to build perspective the length of clip it takes to construct and complete both signifiers of building differs. The building of a traditional masonry home has a longer clip programme than its lumber frame opposite number. The chief factors lending to the difference in building times include.Programme of plantsThe programme of plants for both methods has a clip difference of about seven hebdomads from foundation phase to decorating and traveling in phase. Derek Moore of Timberline edifice contractors provinces, â€Å" In footings of physique velocity, timber frame can present a important 30 % decrease on traditional building times, which affect hard currency flow and reduces local perturbation † . ( Pick a Pro 2009 ) The position of another Irish lumber frame provider is the building clip of both methods of building is even larger depending on the edifice, â€Å" Construction clip is cut by about 40 % as your lumber frame construction is erected on site within yearss depending on size and complexness of edifice † . ( Clark Group 2008 )Building CoatingsDuring the phase whereby the lumber frame unit is erected the internal first repairing work can get down. This work can continue inside the house as the masonry tegument is being built, in comparing no internal work can get down on the masonry house while the block work component is being constructed. The long drying out period associated with traditional masonry building is besides a disadvantage in comparing to the lumber frame method. â€Å" Apart from the obvious labor economy, lumber frame does n't necessitate any drying-out clip, unlike a standard masonry building, which needs up to 1,500 gallons of H2O to vaporize before it is dry † . ( Sunday Tribune 2001 ) To repeat this a prima Irish lumber frame provider provinces, â€Å" Timber frame AIDSs internal coatings, all walls are consecutive and plumb, corners are square and true. With lumber frame there are less of the â€Å" wet † trades, gypsum board needs merely to be skimmed and pigment, cosmetic stuffs and floor coverings can be applied sooner to dried surfaces † .( Castle Timber Frame Homes 2009 )Heat Loss in BuildingsIntroductionFor the intent of this thesis the writer compared the U Value of the external walls of both a lumber frame and masonry constructed home, the writer besides decided to obtain the Building Energy Rating ( BER ) for both methods of building so as to do an accurate comparing. Both the U Value computation and the Building Energy Rating are based on the house programs. With the expertness of Michael Sweeney of Sweeney Energy the U Value and BER computations were compiled and the consequences are as follows.U-Value CalculationA U-value is the term given to the step of heat loss through subdivisions of a edifice. It measures the rate that heat transmits through a constituent or construction when there is a difference in air temperature at both sides. â€Å" Uracil Valuess are expressed in Watts per meter Kelvin which is the rate of heat transportation in Watts through 1m2 of the construction for one unit of temperature difference between the air on the two sides of the construction † .( Roy Chudley 2002 )U-Value FootingsThe following are footings associated with the computation of the U-Value.Thermal Conductivityâ€Å" It is the step of a stuffs ability to convey heat and is expressed as the energy flow in watts per square meter of surface country †. ( Roy Chudley 2002 )Thermal Resistanceâ€Å" This is symbolized by the missive R, as representative of a stuffs thermic opposition achieved by spliting its thickness in meters by its thermic conduction †. ( Roy Chudley 2002 )Timber Frame U-Value CalculationThe above computations show that a traditional masonry external pit wall has a U-Value of 0.35 W/m2K in comparing to the lumber frame outer wall, which has a U-Value of 0.25 W/m2K. The findings for this peculia r computation show that the lumber frame domestic building has a better U-Value than its masonry constructed opposite number.Building Energy Rating ( BER ) CalculationThe writer decided to compare the Building Energy Rating of both methods of building. To accomplish this the writer availed of the expertness of a qualified BAR assessor who calculated both BER values utilizing the same house programs as used for the U Value Calculations. For the intent of the reader the writer explains some of the footings associated in the Building energy evaluation process.Building Energy Rating FootingsThe process is based on ciphering the energy balance for a home, â€Å" this is the energy required by the brooding plus any losingss, so less the energy additions this is equal to the energy delivered in to the home †( Cheveron Training 2009 ) Delivered Energy, expressed as kWh/year. This corresponds to the energy ingestion that would usually look on the energy measures of the home for the false standardization tenancy and terminal users considered.( Cheveron Training 2009 ) Primary Energy, expressed as kWh/year. This includes delivered energy, plus an allowance for energy â€Å" overhead † incurred in pull outing, processing and transporting a fuel or other energy bearer to the home. For illustration, in the instance of electricity it takes history of coevals efficiency at power Stationss.( Cheveron Training 2009 ) The consequences show that both timber frame and traditional masonry domestic building have an energy evaluation of B2 for this house. The B2 evaluation is acceptable for a edifice, which incorporates a natural airing design. The primary energy value for the lumber frame method of building is lower than it ‘s masonry opposite number and indicates that the operating expense incurred in pull outing, processing and transporting of energy to the home is lower for lumber frame method. The comparing of the Co2 emanations consequences in the lumber frame method holding lower emanations end product and as antecedently discussed the lower the Co2 emanation the better it is for the environment. Finally the lumber frame method had a lower delivered energy evaluation. This shows that the energy ingestion on the energy measures of the home are once more lower than its masonry opposite number. Developers positions sing the alteration from masonry to timber frame: To accomplish a true indicant on the positions of the building industry in respect to both methods of building and why the tendency has moved towards timber frame it was necessary to obtain the positions of developers who really carry out the edifice works. As portion of the writer research, many building bureaus were contacted. Philip Mahoney of timber frame industries association was contacted and helped with the writer ‘s inquiries. Philip Mahoney of the Timber Frame Manufacturing Association said when asked why the tendency has moved from masonry to timber frame. â€Å" From a developers point of position velocity of building was really of import, because a lumber frame house can be up and roofed in a affair of yearss and ready for the follow on trades to travel in. for the developer this was a great advantage as they were in and out much quicker and hence turn hard currency over. Timber frame would hold besides have got popular with the ego physique sector because of the fact that a ) rather an instruction procedure was carried out by the association and its members, B ) the green card besides began to come into drama every bit good as lumber frame is seen as environmentally friendly which the industry has been advancing. † Tom McHugh, Director of Kilcloghans Ltd Galway who have been outstanding traditional masonry builders for a figure of old ages said in respects to ease of build â€Å" we are masonry builders and we build timber frame, we find that it is particularly simple to construct the lumber frame method † he went on to state in relation to building costs â€Å" timber frame is every bit economical to construct as traditional masonry † sing building costs in relation to the downswing in the building industry he stated â€Å" yes the building cost for both methods had dropped but both methods still work out in and around the same monetary value † . He besides stated that they found the chief advantages of lumber frame to be â€Å" a dry signifier of building every bit good as the obvious advantages of velocity to construct and economical to run † . From a merchandising point of position he found lumber frame, â€Å" easier for the ground that they are more economical in footings of energy usage † . Francis Geraghty Director of Frame to complete edifice contractors Co Galway stated in footings of easiness of building,â€Å" the lumber frame method depends mostly on the type of house the client wants to construct every bit good as the quality of site readying before the lumber frame edifice reaches the site †. He sees the chief advantages of the lumber frame method for him areâ€Å" the U-Values that can be achieved †and besidesâ€Å" the whole lumber frame construction is up and ready for internal work in a affair of yearss †. Colm Kilroy a Quantity Surveyor with Michael Higgins and Associates Galway saidâ€Å" from a cost of stuffs point of position certain stuffs have dropped in monetary value, but the existent bead in monetary value has come from the shopkeepers themselves more so for traditional masonry instead than the lumber frame method. With such competition for work cost of labor has decreased quickly † . He went on to state, â€Å" this bead in labor costs could be a key to the pick of the populace in the coming old ages with traditional masonry acquiring so inexpensive to construct †. John O ‘ Connell, a builder, based in Co. Galway stated that he sees the chief disadvantages of Timber Frame building asâ€Å" the inclement conditions conditions in this state, have people concerned that lumber may decompose over clip. Peoples besides feel more unafraid with bricks and howitzer †. Sean O Donnell a chief with a edifice contractor in Co Galway who specialises with both signifiers of building sees the chief advantages of lumber frame over traditional masonry in relation to be to beâ€Å" less labour intensifier, less wastage of stuffs on site, and when lived in less cost in running † . In relation to clip to build he said, â€Å" less clip lost due to adverse conditions, you get to see the finished merchandise quicker and easier and timber frame leads to quicker installing of electrical wiring † . Sing insularity he states, â€Å" with a lumber frame house you are closer to the life country and so non heating the outside wall before making insularity value, it takes really small to heat up house and the quality of insularity is cardinal to better acoustic public presentation †.Questionnaire ConsequencesIntroductionTo acquire a true and realistic position on both methods of domestic building the writer decided to obtain the positions of the oc cupants who live in lumber frame places. To accomplish this, a questionnaire was compiled and distributed around the Galway country. A transcript of the questionnaire is included in the appendix at the terminal of the thesis and the consequences are as follows. As can be seen from the pie chart decidedly shows that 100 % of the surveyed occupants notice the lumber frame method of building to be cheaper to heat than its traditional masonry opposite number. The remarks received included, â€Å" Traditional block was more expensive ; I used solid fuel scope with a back boiler and oil cardinal warming. It was necessary to hold heat invariably from back boiler toped up by oil, in comparing the oil warming in the lumber frame runs for 4 hours per twenty-four hours from November until March to the downstairs radiators merely. We have 2 unfastened fires that we ne'er use as it would be excessively hot. Our oil measure is reduced by 2/3 and we do n't necessitate solid fuel †. A farther remark stated, â€Å" Timber frame is cheaper every bit non as cold during the twenty-four hours so no demand for much heat during the winter months † clearly shows that the occupants find their lumber frame homes to be warmer than the traditional masonry opposite number with 84 % happening it a batch heater and 14 % of occupants saying it to be somewhat warmer shows how good people rate the acoustic public presentation of their lumber frame house in relation to external noises. 55 % of the occupants find there to be no noise while 45 % of the occupants find there to be a small noise. One of the occupants stated, â€Å" The lone noise to be heard is that of the rain H2O running to the gully † . A farther occupant stated, â€Å" External noises are non an issue, but my house is located on a spot of an elevated site and on a really blowy twenty-four hours the air current can be an issue † . Other illustrations of external noises to be heard included traffic from a nearby chief route and Canis familiariss barking, but no extra noises than would besides be heard in a traditional masonry home. shows what the occupant ‘s ideas are on the acoustic public presentation of their homes in relation to upstairs noise. 22 % of the occupants province that there is a batch of noise to be heard from floor to floor, a bulk of the noise is a consequence of hapless sound insularity being used. One occupant stated, â€Å" Floor sound proofing between floors is a job, we did non take this in to account during building † . 44 % of the occupant ‘s province there is a small noise to be heard from upstairs with motion on floors and doors shuting being the chief subscribers. Finally 34 % of the occupants province there is no noise to be heard, a figure of them said that during building phase they had the builders put in excess sound proofing between floors, which acted most beneficially in cutting down the noise. Other occupants who found there to be no upstairs noise lived entirely and in a consequence had no upstairs motion while in the house.

Globalization and culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Globalization and culture - Research Paper Example Anglo-American producers still comprise an absolute majority in the field of TV and film-making. In comparison with European and Asian countries, US fashion, media trends and cultural patterns dominate in international communications. â€Å"Syn-fin† rules and deregulation policies of 1980th – 1990th promoted quick growth and strengthening of national media market. Merge of CBS Corporation and Viacom in 2004 was the result long-term favorable atmosphere on the US domestic market. Newly created media giant owns a wide range of services such as television broadcast networks and stations, radio, film and TV production, publishing, news etc. Media globalization results into misbalance of international communications flows, because, for example, Turkish or Danish television viewers subject to Americanization. Although they come across cross-cultural variety and partial glocalization on MTV, MTV2, the majority of foreign songs and clips bear Anglo-American patterns. Such a large media conglomerates as Viacom monopolize international market and hinder activity of smaller national companies. English still remains a dominant international language, but Showtime en Espanol, MTV Spain, MTV Brazil/Latin America, Spanish-speaking broadcasting network and other projects approve redirection of Viacom media infrastructure towards preferences of multinational audience. Hispanic population is steadily growing in the USA and other countries and their culture (music, dancing, festivals) also is a source of revenue for the media giant. Thus, Viacom appeals to its consumers through variety of provided services and glocalization. The 1996 Telecommunications Act broadened rights and terms of simultaneous ownership for different kinds of media, i.e. local TV stations, radio stations. Both abovementioned companies advantageously supplement each other. CBS news serve as basic instrument of Viacom products and programs propagation. For

Lead and the laws governing it in the UK Case Study

Lead and the laws governing it in the UK - Case Study Example It has numerous industrial and domestic purposes because it has a low melting point and can easily be moulded into any shape or form. Nevertheless, despite the advantages of lead, it has many disadvantages. The effects of lead include lead poisoning resulting in "chronic effects on the nervous system - paralysis of motor nerves, poor aptitude (especially in children) and other effects on cognitive functions." ( Agius R 2006). Moreover, a study (Ferguson D & Horwood J L) has proven that hildren with high levels of lead in their blood score less on tests than those with lower levels of lead. Therefore, it is crucial to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the use of lead. Alternative methods to lead exist hence it is not worth risking the prejudice to human health and safety. The problem of the effects of lead has caused alarm in the United Kingdom. Numerous employees are affected or have the potential to be affected by lead. These include plumbers, glass manufacturers, construction workers, painters and petrol attendants. This has resulted in the enactment of legislation in order to control this problem. The Control of Lead at Work Regulations Act of 2002 stipulates that "an employer shall not carry out work which is liable to expose any employees to lead unless he has made a suitable and sufficient of the risk..." (Section 5(1)). The Act further regulates the conditions under which lead may be used. These conditions are very stringent and absolute. The Government has enforced a number of measures in order to curb the drastic effects of the use of lead. One of these measures was to ban the sale of lead fishing weights in 1986 as this had a negative impact on fish as well as humans who would eventually consume the fish. Moreover, the Department of Environment introduced a consultation paper in March 1997 in order to ban the use of lead shot in wetlands. The Code of Good Shooting Practice has been introduced to ensure that non-lead shots are used when hunting. Therefore, in terms of the environmental impact of lead, the Government and the Department of Environment have had a general success rate of curbing the effects of lead. There are of course problems with violators of the law; however, close monitoring and penalties have eased this problem. The environment is one element of the problem. On the other hand, the health impacts of the use of lead are devastating. According to the 2009 Berkeley Report, "Decreased brain function in adults has been associated with blood lead concentrations of 20 to 50 ug/100ml." The report further states that Government removes workers from exposure when their lead level exceeds this amount. It appears at first glance that this is an ideal remedy. However, studies have shown that exposure to lead has a cumulative effect. The affected person will still suffer from lead poisoning when re-exposed to the lead environment. This solution thus has a yo-yo effect. The Health and Safety Executive of the United Kingdom adheres to various legislation on the use of lead and also implements various campaigns to control the problems associated with the use of lead. However, the Health and Safety Executive is diverse and deals with health and safety issues in general. Thus the problem associated with lead is not addressed in isolation. It is merely treated as one of the health and safety problems in the country. Indeed, the Health and S

How successful was industrialization in Australia over the period 1950 Essay

How successful was industrialization in Australia over the period 1950 to 1973 - Essay Example (R8:3). The development of manufacturing is complicated. It involves a great variety of products, fragmentation of the industry, different markets between six states as well as a wide range of operations (R8:3). Industrialization of Australia first began with its heavy, complex and diversified manufacturing during the First World War. Since the Second World War it has become one of the most highly industrialized economies in the world (R6:182). Australia played a major role in promoting post-war industrialization; however, its welfare state interventions created a great barrier in its later manufacture development. The major growth phase of post war manufacturing development was between mid 1940s and late 1960s. In 1944, it announced that it â€Å"is ready for an adventurous expansion of secondary industries in the post-war period† (R5:15). This essay will examine Australian manufacturing development over the period 1950 to 1973 and the impact of industrialization during this period. Section one will examine the importance of industrialization to the Australian economy. Then, we examine success and impact of industrialization to the economy. This included the impact on employment, capital investment, public infrastructure, country import and export as well as the protection policies implemented by the state during this period. After examining the advantages brought by industrialization, the essay criticizes on the effectiveness of welfare state interventions to the Australian economy. During World War Two, Australian foreign debt was due to the sales of goods and services to the United States. This can be accounted for the high demand in food stuffs by other industrialized countries. A high price was paid for Australian primary products (R4). Its dependence on foreign capital rose. At that time, foreign investment, foreign technologies, foreign management, foreign

MGMT402 U4 DB Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGMT402 U4 DB - Assignment Example However, this will be varying based on the nature of offense and when it is done. For a first offender, there will be a monetary fine of $250-$2,000 per each illegal immigrant employed. For a second offense, the fine increased to between $2,000 and $5,000 per. However, stiffer penalties might be imposed on the third and subsequent offenders who might be eventually sentenced to up to six moths in jail. I support this penalty because it is justified (Massey, 2007). In this regard, it is my considered opinion that Patricia should be keen to ensure that she does not face the same penalty. In her restaurant, she should ensure that she is privy with her workers’ immigration status to ascertain if there are illegal or legitimate. Only legitimate ones should be hired in her restaurant. As an employer, she should make efforts to know if her employees are legally permitted to work in the country. This can be done by checking their social security numbers. Otherwise, she would have to face the wrath of this

An analytical report on a organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

An analytical report on a organisation - Essay Example Sainsbury is the second biggest supermarket chain in the UK and commands a market share of about seventeen percent of the supermarket sector (Martin and Hetrick, 2006, p. 222). John James Sainsbury established it in 1869 as a shop in London and it grew to become the biggest retailer of groceries in 1922 while pioneering the self-service retail approach in the UK and having its heydays in the eighties (McLoughlin and Aaker, 2010, p. 129). However, Tesco overtook the company in 1995 as the market leader, with Asda becoming the second biggest in 2003, therefore relegating Sainsbury to third. J Sainsbury PLC, which is a holding company, is divided into three divisions that include supermarkets, convenience stores and the Sainsbury Bank. The headquarters of the holding company are located in the Store Support Centre of the company in Holborn Circus and the group is also interested in the property. The biggest overall shareholder of the company is Qatar’s sovereign wealth fund, hold ing almost twenty-six percent of the company, which is also listed in the London Stock Exchange. Sainsbury operates a variety of store formats that are intended to meet particular requirements of the customers and locations (Schnedlitz, 2010, p. 154). It also has online operations were groceries as well as non-food sales continue to increase, especially after the introduction of the Click and Collect service that enables customers to freely pick the non-food products they order online at stores that are convenient to them and this has demonstrated to be extremely popular with most of the customers. The company has a considerable portfolio that includes buildings and long leasehold properties as well as property that exists in joint venture engagements. The Sainsbury Bank deals with a variety of quality products such savings and loans, insurances and credit cards. Additionally, it provides the customer with quality products at good prices while regularly rewarding

Business evulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business evulation - Essay Example The fact that partners come from administration, finance, and the sales departments of other successful companies in the market ensures that the company’s departments will be component especially the three which are crucial for the success of any company. Another strength that the company has is the fact that its management structure is well suited for new ideas and contribution meaning that the decisions and policies undertaken by the company will comprise both new and old ideas which will help in the company realising success. Another strength that the company possesses is the various number of services the company is offering. This means that the company will be able to attract income from various sectors of the market since the company is diverse. Weaknesses The fact that the company is very new in the marketing and branding market is a weakness. This is due to the fact that the marketing and branding industry is characterised by a lot of customer loyalty thus many consume rs in the market are loyal to existing brands making it hard for new companies to penetrate the market(Kotler, Etal, 2006.). LaunchMe is currently a small business establishment which is a major weakness since the company is not able to hire many employees. This is due to lack of resources to support a huge staff. As a result, many huge companies with huge projects will forego LaunchMe since they will assume it will be unable to launch huge projects. Another weakness that the company faces is fact that it is operating in the United Kingdom only. This will greatly limit its consumer coverage which is essential for such a company in order for it to attract as many customers as possible. Opportunities Investments opportunities, innovation, and technological revolution provides the LaunchMe company with the opportunity to grow remarkably. This is because current trends are showing that the economy of the United Kingdom is steadily getting back to its where more and more investors are pu tting in their cash to small companies such as LaunchMe which are expected to bring back revenue in the future. The fact that the company aims at focus at business owners and entrepreneurs both in the United Kingdom and the international market presents a great opportunity for growth of the company since the rich people in the country are always interested in starting up new business hence providing a steady market for LaunchMe’s products and ser ices. The branding and marketing industry is a growing industry with new developments and innovations (Belch, 2002). This is not only in the United Kingdom but in the whole world (Wheeler, 2006). This creates an opportunity for the company to both grow geographically and financially. By venturing into other countries in Europe and eventually the while world the company will be able to increase in both size and outreach resulting in the company enjoying more revenue. Threats There are major players who pose threats to the company in t erms of unfair competition. Such companies include Addison Whitney, Siegel and Gale among others. Such companies are a threat to the company since they have a well established customer base meaning they enjoy a lot of customer loyalty. It is a known fact that customer loyalty can result to monopolistic features to

What Sets Us Apart Essay Example for Free

What Sets Us Apart Essay In the essay â€Å"What Sets us Apart,† by Mortimer B. Zuckerman, he examines the issue of how America is regarded by foreign countries and the impact America has in these countries. Zuckerman acknowledges of Hollywood contributing to â€Å"a significant piece of America’s ‘soft power’† on how we are perceived by other countries; meaning that American culture is not viewed favorable by other countries because of Hollywood. Zuckerman’s perception is something that I agree with; unfortunately, America is viewed in a negative way by other countries because of Hollywood contributing to an askew image of America, a misperception by foreign countries, and the tolerance by the American society. First of all, the reason Hollywood has such a profound impact on the appearance on American society, is because they supply â€Å"over 70 percent of the European film makers and 90 percent† to the rest of the world. Sadly, Hollywood targets the â€Å"younger population audience who constitute the bulk† of the film industry, which has a tremendous impact to what movies contain. Of course, being a younger crowd will imply more â€Å"action, violence, sex, and special effects,† which seems as though it will not have an effect but it does. Since Hollywood is the biggest supplier of films to other countries, whatever is shown in these films (action, violence, sex, and special effects) will reflect the â€Å"American lifestyle. Thanks to these images, â€Å"Hollywood has made Americanism a dirty word. † Furthermore, these misperceptions of the American lifestyle has made foreign countries once â€Å"favorable opinion[s] of the United States† drop in recent years. The liberty portrayed in America gives rise to the fears of an up rise by the people in a communism country. Thus making democracy â€Å"less attractive,† rather than displaying the beauty of democracy. People from foreign countries that have strong values see our society with little to no morals, and a lot of promiscuity. All of these factors emitted by the media have attributed to making America a less desirable place to other countries. Moreover, the American society has tolerated and accepted what the media has presented to other foreign countries. The purchase of any these products means we have accepted what is being displayed and agree with what is shown in them. As Americans we need to educate other countries that we are educated individuals whom have strong values and value diversity. We need to show how organized and well-established we are as a democratic society. Here in America, freedom and liberty is granted to individuals in their lifestyle choices. Being American grants us the freedom that not many countries offer; as Americans we can demonstrate the beautiful attributes we have as a society. Overall, we need to demonstrate and educate countries whom view us poorly that we are not what the media displays. Instead, let us show the beautiful aspects of life this country offers to all ethnicities. Here, in America, like Zuckerman said we are provided with â€Å"self-help, self-improvement, and self-renovation† that no other country can offer.

Traditional Jews Essay Example for Free

Traditional Jews Essay Religion is a vast and distinct area of study. Many different cultures and groups have different practices, and within those cultures there are many sub-groups that are different than the majority. The Haredim are a Jewish sect that is basically a sub-group of traditional Jews that demonstrate many differences from the majority. Haredim have a different approach to death and the actual funeral procession of loved ones. Many other cultures will honor their dead by having a eulogy or some other type of ceremony. The Haredim like to invoke a different sense of devotion to passing ancestors. For instance, it is acceptable, among Haredim, for the Sephardi to sing the songs of his father and grandfather, to utilize the prayer rhythm of his youth. 1 This is essentially singing prayer songs to the father, if passed, and the grandfather, if passed during a funeral procession. These songs are supposed to honor the dead and at the same time elevate the dead to a type of saint-like status. After the deceased have had songs sung, it is time for a type of ceremony called the â€Å"Communion of Saints. † Here the Haredim invoke the â€Å"Communion of Saints† upon hearing of the death of an elder and attempt to have the Saints bless the body spiritually. The blessing is done to elevate his familiar saints and holy men, entering [his relative] in the pantheon of the believer, even to add a modest twist or two of traditional clothing to the standard garb. 1 The Haredim are known for their revering of elders upon death and their attempt at ascending those elders into a higher spiritual space. This is firmly established, according to their faith, by invoking the elder and finally invoking the â€Å"Communion of Saints† to assist in the transfer to the spirit world. Another aspect of death in Haredim society is the actual burial. The Haredim employ the hevra kaddisha, the Communal Fraternal Burial Society in Israel, is responsible for the reverential disposal of the dead in accordance with Jewish law for all Jewish citizens. 2 Once the arrangements are established by the hevra kaddisha, the burial must take place. A problem arises in the burial because it must occur as soon as possible. As the Jewish text suggests, The dead must be buried as soon as possible, as much out of respect for their corporeal integrity as out of concern that they should not pollute their environment. Texts devoted to establishing and commenting on the impurity of human remains are abundant, and the laws relating to this subject are very strict: people and utensils that have been in contact with a cadaver might become impure, as does the place where they have lain, thus being in the presence of a dead body can cause ritual uncleanness. 3 It is clear that the Haredim employed different rituals from other groups, but also maintained a bastion of traditional beliefs that secular Jews also follow. Haredim are a very distinct culture as compared to other sects of Judaism. One of the more shocking revelations about their culture is they actually do not support the established state of Israel. One of the first evidences of this non-support is how the Haredim view the chief rabbis in Israel. They do not recognize the Chief Rabbinate and have their own Rabbinic authorities. 4 This presents a problem in the Israeli Jewish community in particular. The Israelis are attempting to create a united front against other groups that oppose them in the region. Because of the lack of support, and since there is no doctrinal significance to the office of Chief Rabbi, voices are raised from time to time to abolish the whole institution of two Chief Rabbis, irreverently called by Israelis the Heavenly Twins. 5 Another way they reject the Israeli state is they look upon Israel as too secular. All the Haredim have in common a â€Å"total dedication to the Torah in its traditional form and believe that the secular world is best kept at arms length. 6 They have a stark rejection of Israel and do not actually need a Jewish state. They are fine the way they are and reject the secularism of the Jewish faith in general. The politicians in Israel have no impressed the Haredim throughout the years. They believe they are without structure and without promise for any group of people. One example is from the 1981 campaign [where] the two parties [created] satirical television commercials, which featured well-known Israeli comedians. Such commercials, according to the Haredim, were an expression of spiritual emptiness. 7 The Haredim stand firm behind their beliefs even against their own government. A final examination of the Haredim reveals some peculiar traits as compared to other cultures. One of the ways they are different from other Jewish sects is their devotion to a culture long gone. For instance, they continued to be known by the Yiddish names of their rebes towns — Satmar, Belz, Ger — places that existed no more. 8 Another distinct difference is in the attire that the Haredim men usually wear. One eyewitness recounted, the men wore the clothing of eighteenth-century Hasidim. 7 One of the remarkable characteristics of the religion is the offspring that are produced within the families. Some of the families have many children as compared to other groups. It actually makes sense why this occurs because, they produced large families — six, eight, even ten children — to begin to try to make up for the millions of murdered Jews. 9 The Haredim do portray some peculiar traits that may seem strange to other religions, but actually they are effectively helping their way of life live on in the future. The Haredim are a fascinating group of people with a very different religious perspective. They live their life true to their moral codes and should be respected as any other religion. Works Cited Cromer, Gerald. The Voice of Jacob and the Hands of Esau: Verbal and Physical Violence in Israeli Politics, 1977–1984. Jews and Violence: Images, Ideologies, Realities. Ed. Peter Y. Medding. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 149-164. Jacobs, Louis. The Jewish Religion: A Companion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Sobel, Zvi. A Small Place in Galilee: Religion and Social Conflict in an Israeli Village. New York: Holmes Meier, 1993.

Price Discrimination In India And The Us Economics Essay

Price Discrimination In India And The Us Economics Essay Publishers have traditionally sold textbooks at different prices in different areas of the world. For example, a textbook that sells for $70 in the United States might sell for $5 in India. Although the Indian version might be printed in cheaper paper and lack color illustrations, it provides essentially the same information. Indian customers typically cannot afford to pay the U.S. price. Use the theories of price discrimination presented in this chapter to explain this strategy. The definition of price discrimination is the practice of charging different prices to various groups of customers that are not based on differences in the costs of production. In another word, a type product has been produced under same condition, same content, share the same cost, but it sells in different prices to different customers at different places, which in the context is the textbooks. Price discrimination normally happened in segmenting market that varying price elasticity or price sensitivity of demand. As in the context example, U.S. customers are segmented as inelastic market whereas India customers are elastic market. It explained that U.S. customers will purchase the textbooks even it charged in a higher price, however India customers might refuse or unaffordable to purchase the higher price textbooks. The purpose of price discrimination is to maximize the profit that has to do with consumer surplus. Consumer surplus is the difference between the total amount of money consumers are willing to pay for a product rather than do without and the amount they actually have to pay when a single price is charged for all units of the products. Refers to the Figure 1 below, the customer surplus is the area of P1AB. Q P Q1 0 P1 Demand A B Figure 1 As for the willingness to pay, the customers might not want to purchase the extra units of product where they think are not worth for it. Example, in India, there is plenty type of textbooks published by different publishers, why should the customers grab one of yours? Even your textbooks fit the customers wants, but the selling price might be too high for the customers that they think it does not worth that much for them to pay for. It is also the example of price elasticity in India market. Basically, there are three theoretical models of price discrimination first degree, second degree, and third degree price discrimination. For the context of textbooks selling in India and U.S. markets, it falls into the category of third degree price discrimination. Third degree price discrimination is the most common form of price discrimination, where firms separate or segment the markets according to the price elasticity of demand and charge a different price for each market. Of course, the firms is charging a higher prices in the most inelastic demand market, which is U.S. and sells in a lower price in India that the market is more elastic or price sensitive in demand. Since the U.S. market and India market has difference in elasticity and willingness to pay for the textbooks, the publisher segments the markets by charging U.S. market a higher price. Meanwhile, publisher charged a lower price in India market to increase or maximize its revenue. 0 Q1 Q2 U.S. market Quantity India market Quantity $ MC MR2 MR1 D2 D1 70 5 Figure 2On the other hand, if the publisher charged a higher price in India market as in U.S. market price, the India customers may unaffordable to purchase the textbooks or they are not willing to pay that much just for a textbook, where the textbook is not worth for what they are paying. Therefore, it would be a failure in India market if the publisher sells the textbooks in a high price as in U.S. market, which is shown in the Figure 2 based on the context example. In the Figure 2, the right side is the demand of U.S. market and on the left is the India market demand. In order to further explain why it would be a failure to charge higher price in India market, it is drawn to shows that if the publisher charge $70 abroad all the market as in U.S., there is no demand in the India market. In order to maximize the profit, the publisher has to lower the price as like marginal revenue equal to marginal cost (MC=MR2) for the India market. However, for the U.S. market that has the demand and the willingness to pay even in a higher selling price, it is an unwise decision to lower the textbooks selling price in U.S. market as what it charged in India market for the purpose of price standardization abroad. That is for sure the quantity in U.S. market will increase but it does not served the rules of profit maximization, where price at MC=MR1 should be charged in U.S. market that is $70. If the publisher decides to sell this textbook online, what problems will this present for the pricing strategy? How might the publisher respond? For the price discrimination segmented market, one problem need to be identified and managed by the firms, where the firms has to ensure or able to prevent the resale activity among the different groups of customers. Otherwise, the customers who are charged a lower price could be able to resell the product on hand to the customers who are in the higher price market segment. Hence, if the publisher is going to sell the textbook online, it will probably have to set a single price, where it is typically the high U.S. price. It is a safe precaution step for the publisher to set in a high price that to assume the customers who order online are affordable and willing to pay even in high price. However, it would means that it will lose the India market who may not afford to pay for a high price textbooks. On the other side, publisher might think of customization or product differentiation. For example, the publisher may amend the textbooks content such as the example in textbooks to use India currency, rupees instead of U.S. dollar. This India version can be sold together with the original U.S. version online with different pricing. One of the reasons is the India customers will feel more relevant to them that the example is in their currency and it can get in a cheaper price. However, the U.S. customers who has been charged for higher price would not tends to purchase the India version for a lower price as it is less relevant to their market and environment. Another method would be using the technology. With the use of technology, the publisher may set the different price for different market, where price discrimination could be worked online. First, publisher may need the online purchaser to register an account for purchasing, where the purchaser need to fill in their particular that includes the country or location where the purchaser are stayed in. With the information gathered, the publisher can links the different groups of purchasers who come from different country or markets into different online order page and purchase with different currency. Meanwhile, the publisher can also limit the delivery of textbooks to the origin country that the purchaser registered. For example, if the purchaser is from India, the delivery will only be made to India.

A New Sense Of Life :: essays research papers

A New Sense of Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Baldwin’s Discovery of What it Means to Be an American, it was said that to be an American was a truly free feeling. The fact is you could change yourself mid-life and still hold worth and prowess. The idea of being considered a great author, and also as being a great actor, holds different places here in America then in Europe, or even Canada. Most places would hold the profession of an author to have more of an elegance then an actor. The author holds more intellectual ground, then that of one who can act out a part and memorize lines. (Not so much as the idea of being a writer, then an actor, but how you present yourself.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If someone asks you, â€Å"Who are you?†, you might simply answer, â€Å"I am a carpenter.† or â€Å"I am a congressman.† Say you have a job that would not be as high on the social ladder as these. For example, use the profession of a garbage man. He gets paid as much as the carpenter, but in society, that profession isn’t looked upon like a carpenter, or a congressman. Along the same lines, a congressman, or even a carpenter, can turn around at the pinnacle of his career, and choose to be a garbage man, if that’s what his heart seeks. America has a view unlike any other nation, in which you can start over at any time. You can take control of your life by going back to school, learning what you want to, thus becoming something completely different at the age of 50.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unlike many eastern nations, where you are dedicated to that one job concept, (IE. If you’re an incredible trumpet player, you will be that for the rest of your life, and that’s that), in America you have the option to move about in the job market, to try out different professions, and feel your way through life. You can see evidence of that by the fact junior colleges are very popular among older people. In America, you are allowed to go to school for the rest of your life if you want to, and the school will work around your current employment schedule. The meaning of life in America is different than that of any other country. You can go where you want and be whomever you want. A New Sense Of Life :: essays research papers A New Sense of Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Baldwin’s Discovery of What it Means to Be an American, it was said that to be an American was a truly free feeling. The fact is you could change yourself mid-life and still hold worth and prowess. The idea of being considered a great author, and also as being a great actor, holds different places here in America then in Europe, or even Canada. Most places would hold the profession of an author to have more of an elegance then an actor. The author holds more intellectual ground, then that of one who can act out a part and memorize lines. (Not so much as the idea of being a writer, then an actor, but how you present yourself.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If someone asks you, â€Å"Who are you?†, you might simply answer, â€Å"I am a carpenter.† or â€Å"I am a congressman.† Say you have a job that would not be as high on the social ladder as these. For example, use the profession of a garbage man. He gets paid as much as the carpenter, but in society, that profession isn’t looked upon like a carpenter, or a congressman. Along the same lines, a congressman, or even a carpenter, can turn around at the pinnacle of his career, and choose to be a garbage man, if that’s what his heart seeks. America has a view unlike any other nation, in which you can start over at any time. You can take control of your life by going back to school, learning what you want to, thus becoming something completely different at the age of 50.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unlike many eastern nations, where you are dedicated to that one job concept, (IE. If you’re an incredible trumpet player, you will be that for the rest of your life, and that’s that), in America you have the option to move about in the job market, to try out different professions, and feel your way through life. You can see evidence of that by the fact junior colleges are very popular among older people. In America, you are allowed to go to school for the rest of your life if you want to, and the school will work around your current employment schedule. The meaning of life in America is different than that of any other country. You can go where you want and be whomever you want.

Free College Admissions Essays - A Loss of Innocence :: College Admissions Essays

A Loss of Innocence The United States of America lost its innocence on September 11, 2001. No longer are the vicious attacks on democracy in some far away country; they are now in our own backyard. President Bush said it best, "freedom itself was attacked by a faceless coward..." but now we know the name of that face. For many of us, this is the first time we have experienced what others around the world live with daily. As young people, we can have a profound impact on the future. We can start at this level by supporting our country and the ideals it holds dear. We must remember that the very privilege of an education is one that those who attacked us plainly detest. In fact, it is illegal for women in that country to pursue an education at all. Every step we achieve in the learning process is in defiance to those who keep their citizens ignorant. As students and citizens, we must realize that the power of education comes with a responsibility: to help people of all backgrounds understand that if we are to make any progress as a society, we cannot tolerate terrorism anywhere in our world. However, we must be careful not to express our outrage irrationally against people who had nothing to do with that evil act. One motive for the terrorist attack on our country was contempt for the freedom that allows America to tolerate those who hold different beliefs. Our future belongs to those who stand up and fight for what they believe in. As a nation, we are now at the crossroads: we can choose to allow those with evil intentions to have the loudest voices or we can stand together with one voice. It has been said, "All that evil needs to succeed is for

Look at the role of the manager in motivating staff in the care setting that I work for, which is a residential children’s home Essay

This essay will look at the role of the manager in motivating staff in the care setting that I work for, which is a residential children’s home. It will look at different methods of motivation that the manager can use and also the way the manager uses it. The way that they use it will depend on the type of manager they are as they could be either a theory x or y type, as defined by D Mcgregor 1960. For the purpose of this essay we will look at the line managers as they have most contact with staff. In order to run an effective home the manager needs to not only ensure that they have a sound structure in place to deal with the day to day running of the home but to also ensure that the staff are motivated to do the job. In respect of the day to day running of the home there will be set procedures in place, that will have to be adhered to by all of the residential homes within RCT in regards to budgets, the manner in which children are admitted, contact with other agencies and so on. Within the home there will be an officer in charge and then seniors. The seniors are your line managers and have the most contact with staff it is their responsibility to ensure that staff are happy in their work and to ensure that there are no problems. The officer in charge will be responsible overall for staff along with the rest of the procedures mentioned earlier. The way that the manager motivates their staff will vary depending on the type of manager in a particular home. If you have a line manager who is a theory x manager this can have an effect on staff as they may not feel able to talk to the manager about things and discussing things is vital in this particular job, as being able to talk about things that affect the children and yourself within the environment you work contributes enormously to the happiness of the children. And the ultimate aim in the home is to provide a stable home for the children. A theory X manager will believe that as individuals you need to be told what to do. This does not then allow for confidence within yourself in regards to your development within the job to develop, as you will worry about what they will think about your work .It would also result in you needing to check everything through with them before you make a decision. This can have long reaching affects as the manager is not always available and as staff you have to make daily decisions in regards to the children and their welfare. On the other hand a theory Y manager will believe that as individuals and as staff that you are capable of making decision for yourself this can lead to them passing on more responsibility to the staff for various tasks within the home. This is something that is dome successfully in beddau with staff having taken responsibility for a number of different things such as doing the weekly menu, ensuring that the training file is up to date, ensuring that the accident, missper and sanction books are updated regularly these along with a number of other tasks done by the staff singularly might not look much but as a whole they contribute greatly to the homes effectiveness. This also show staff that their capabilities are noted it also allows for staff development as you are gaining experience in a number of different aspects of the work done at the home which in itself is good for motivation. This is supported by Fredrick Hertzberg who says if you want someone to do a good job, â€Å"then give then a good job to do† it does not matter the size of the job but that the staff feel appreciated and valued and that you have belief in their abilities. Although financial and physical resources play a big part in the running of a home the greatest contribution is made by the human resources, i.e. staff this includes all members from the domestic to the officer in charge. If the staff are de-motivated for whatever reason then this has an effect on the smooth running of the home. The human relations school of management 1960/70’s support this as they say that workers take along with then a number of different things, ideas, knowledge, intelligence, experience, skills humour, expectations and beliefs. In order for these to be utilized effectively then the manager has to be aware of staffs strengths as well as their weaknesses. This can be achieved through supervision. If supervision is used correctly it can be a good motivator for staff. If done incorrectly it can result in further de-motivation. The way in which it is done will again depend on the type of manager. Supervision in itself is not a motivator but a hygiene factor get it right and it will stop your staff becoming ill. I.e. de- motivated. Get it wrong then you have problems as staff will become de-motivated which will result in then doing things wrong or not at all and this will have a detrimental effect on the home. Other hygiene factors that can have an effect on staff are the working conditions salary, interpersonal relations and company policies .As with the above they will not motivate the staff but help to improve the conditions that they work in. this will then lead to their lower needs being met, as defined by A marslow, in his pyramid of needs. He says that in order for a person to reach self-fulfillment they have to meet the different needs in their life as set out in the pyramid. Within the work situation the needs will be met through a number of different way as illustrated appendix1. Steers and porter 1991 suggest that the various organizational factors illustrated can be used to satisfy the different needs. Obviously outside of the jobs the needs will be met in a different way, to a certain degree. The aim of the supervision is to get the work done well, support staff and to encourage staff development .The three strands of supervision are inter wound if you are able to help staff develop by offering then support then this will lead to better work. If one strand of the supervision is weak then the rope is weak. Which could then lead to de- motivation instead of motivation as already mentioned. A good line manager during supervision will not only point out where you are going wrong but will look at what you have achieved in relation to your job no matter how small it might be, it could be something as simple as having picked up a mistake in one of the books which if not rectified could have had an effect on the children or it might be that you have handled a situation with one of the children that resulted in then not harming themselves. A theory X manager would not tell you that you had done well in that instance, as they would say it was your job to deal with such an incident. And even though that is the case, if you just thought like that when dealing with the incident the you would not be giving your all to the job. So for a line manager not only to recognize what you have done but also to make you aware that they recognize it is a huge motivator. The second strand which is support can be met in a number of ways during supervision and on a daily basis. Support can be something that needs to be given when an incident has occurred at the home as above or when something personal is affecting your work .The member of staff receiving support must be able to trust in their supervisor as this will make it easier for them to talk about what is affecting them will then lighten the burden. This trust and also friendship to a certain degree will again depend on the type of manager you have. A good supervisor will also recognize when they are not able to support you and be able to refer you to someone who can, be that another member of staff or possibly a counselling service. The third strand of supervision is staff development. This involves looking at not only the training needed by the member of staff but also at what training they have already achieved and how best to use that to the advantage of the home. In respect of training that is needed it is important to ensure that the member of staff understands why they need that training so that they do not feel inadequate. As if they are not told appropriately why they need it they may feel that the manager thinks of them as being inadequate in a certain area rather that looking at it as a way of developing and progressing within the job. The one that comes to mind for this is NVQ training many staff look on it as something that they have to do or they will lose their job, rather than something that will not only benefit then in the job they do now, but could also lead to job progression for them. If the manager is able to recognize a member of staff’s strengths due to training they have received in the past they need to capitalize on this by ensuring that the member of staff is able to use that training in the work place. It could be that they have training and an interest in a particular area which would not possibly have been an area that staff have been able to work in with the children before, such as outdoor pursuits. As before recognizing what someone is good at in its self is a motivator as is recognizing potential within that member of staff. If the manager is not able to recognize these strengths and weaknesses to a certain degree then they are not able to provide the member of staff with appropriate training to help them develop within the job. The member of staff will then start to question their abilities which in turn will have an effect on their work and motivation. In conclusion it has to be said that in order for the home to run effectively and smoothly to give the children a stable home as well as ensuring that their needs are met the staff and their needs are as important. The staff being happy at work comes down to how motivated they are if you have a staff that are well supported by the management and that they get training appropriate for them along with recognition than you will generally have a reasonably effective work force. The managers role in all of this is vital as they need to be looking at and addressing the issues around the above. How they will look at the above and deal with them will vary depending on the type of manager you have. John Harvey Jones said 1988. â€Å"Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is an art not a science. Each of us approaches the problem from a different background, and each of us is dealing with a situation, and a different culture, and from a different starting point† For me this statement sums it up in that different people will deal with things in different ways because of different factors. Ultimately a manager or team leader who is able to listen to and appreciate their staff will have a much more motivated team than one who does not listen to consult with or appreciate their team. As a member of such a team I believe that as a staff that we respond to situations and changes that we face better due to the way in which our team leaders deal with things like supervision, which is in the mode of theory Y management. This then creates an effective home for the children to live at some where they can call home and some where those staff are happy to be.

Write Feature Story

What Are Feature Stories? Feature stories are human-interest articles that focus on particular people, places and events. Feature stories are journalistic, researched, descriptive, colorful, thoughtful, reflective, thorough writing about original ideas. Feature stories cover topics in depth, going further than mere hard news coverage by amplifying and explaining the most interesting and important elements of a situation or occurrence. Feature stories are popular content elements of newspapers, magazines, blogs, websites, newsletters, television broadcasts and other mass media.While journalists reporting late-breaking hard news don't have enough preparation time and copy length to include much background and description, writers of features have the space and time to evoke imagery in their stories and fill in details of the circumstances and atmosphere. A feature story is not meant to report the latest breaking news, but rather an in-depth look at a subject. Feature articles range fro m the news feature that provides sidebar background to a current event hard news story, to a relatively timeless story that has natural human interest.Features generally are longer than hard-news articles because the feature penetrates deeper into its subject, expanding on the details rather than trying to concentrate on a few important key points. In hard news stories, often referred to as inverted pyramid style, the reporter makes the point, sets the tone, and frames the issue in the first paragraph or two. In a feature story, on the other hand, the writer has the time and space to develop the theme, but sometimes postpones the main point until the end. The whole story does not have to be encapsulated in the lead. Typical typesThere are many kinds of feature stories. Here are some popular types: Human Interest: The best-known kind of feature story is the human-interest story that discusses issues through the experiences of another. Profiles: A very common type of feature is the pr ofile that reveals an individual's character and lifestyle. The profile exposes different facets of the subject so readers will feel they know the person. How-To: These articles help people learn by telling them how to do something. The writer learns about the topic through education, experience, research or interviews with experts.Historical Features: These features commemorate important dates in history or turning points in our social, political and cultural development. They offer a useful juxtaposition of then and now. Historical features take the reader back to revisit an event and issues surrounding it. A variation is the this date in history short feature, which reminds people of significant events on a particular date. Seasonal Themes: Stories about holidays and the change of seasons address matters at specific times of a year. For instance, they cover life milestones, social, political and cultural cycles, and business cycles.Behind the Scenes: Inside views of unusual occup ations, issues, and events give readers a feeling of penetrating the inner circle or being a mouse in a corner. Readers like feeling privy to unusual details and well kept secrets about procedures or activities they might not ordinarily be exposed to or allowed to participate in. Non-fiction stories Feature stories are journalistic reports. They are not opinion essays or editorials. They should not be confused with creative writing or works of fiction. The writer's opinions and attitudes are not important to the story.The writer keeps herself or himself out of the story. Writing in the third person helps maintain the necessary distance. Telling stories Hard news stories report very timely events that have just occurred. Feature stories, on the other hand, are soft news because they are not as timely, not as swiftly reported. Feature writers have the extra time to complete background research, interviews and observation for their stories. Here are some suggestions for polishing featu re writing skills and developing an eye for feature story ideas.Feature stories give readers information in a pleasing, entertaining format that highlights an issue by describing the people, places, events and ideas that shape it. Feature stories are really more like nonfiction short stories than hard news stories. While there should a news peg for the existence of a story at a particular time, the immediacy of the event is secondary in a feature story. In fact, sometimes there is no immediate event. The power of a feature story lies in its ability to amplify the focus on an issue through first-rate story telling, irony, humor, human appeal, atmosphere and colorful details.Features have a clear beginning, middle and end and are longer than hard-news stories. Gathering data Journalists use three tools to gather information for stories: observation, interview and background research. After completing these, the writer brings the story to life through colorful description, meaningful a necdotes and significant quotes. These elements are obtained when interviewing and observing by jotting down everything encountered – smells, noises, colors, textures, emotions, details seen and heard in the surroundings. The journalist keeps an open mind while interviewing subjects and researching sources.The writer avoids steering the story or imposing personal ideas on the sources. The writer avoids deciding on the theme of the story until sufficient information has been gathered to show a direction or point of view. Story format The information in a feature is organized differently from hard news stories. Sometimes a writer uses several paragraphs of copy at the outset to engage the reader before getting on with the main elements of the story. After the title and opening paragraph grab a reader, narrative hooks are used to persuade the reader to continue reading.These hooks are attractive story elements such as action, mystery, drama or appealing characters intended to pu ll the reader forward through the story. They are complex narratives that come to life through colorful description, meaningful anecdotes and significant quotes. In hard news stories, the reporter makes the point, sets the tone, and frames the issue in the first paragraph or two. In feature stories, the whole story does not have to be encapsulated in an inverted pyramid lead. The writer can develop the storyline in a variety of ways and choose to postpone the main point until later in the copy or even the end.A writer can choose to tell the story out of order to engage the reader's interest. A story could begin with a dramatic moment and, once the reader is curious, the story could flash back to the history needed to understand it. A story-within-a-story could be used with a narrator in the outer story telling the inner story to satisfy the curiosity of readers. A storyline could alert readers that the story began in a way that seemed ordinary, but they must follow it to understand what happened eventually. As with any news reporting, feature stories are subject to the journalistic standards of accuracy, fairness and precision.The quality of a story is judged on its content, organization and mechanics. Features writers use The Associated Press Stylebook for correct journalistic style. How long are these articles? Newspaper features often are 500 to 2500 words in length. Magazine features usually are 500 to 5,000 words. Features on websites and blogs generally range from 250–2500 words, but hard drive space is relatively inexpensive so the length could vary dramatically through the use of non-linear hyperlinking of content. Any medium might use a shorter or longer story than usual, depending on its perceived value.Attention spans seem to grow ever shorter so brevity is valued. More than ever, all writing today needs to be clear and concise. Illustrations Every story is illustrated, usually with one or more photographs, but the art can be drawings, painti ngs, sketches, video or machinima, colorful graphs and charts, or other creative expressions depending on the medium for which the feature is packaged for dissemination. Is this just for print journalists? As newspapers and other print media face stiffer competition today from Internet news media, more feature stories are published because they can be more engaging to read.Wire services, such as the Associated Press and reuters, which once distributed mostly hard news, now send feature stories to members. Public relations professionals frequently write feature articles. For instance, a company newsletter story profiling employees voluntarily helping the local community could benefit employees and their families as well as the firm's stockholders. Or a profile of a corporate CEO could be released to media when the firm makes news. Broadcast journalists use human interest stories, profiles, historical pieces, seasonal packages, behind the scenes revelations and even how-to description s.These can be seen and heard everywhere in television and radio news. A typical television news package includes an edited set of video clips for a story narrated by a reporter following a written script. Unlike a magazine article, for example, the TV feature story also will have audio, video, graphics and video effects. A news anchor with an over-the-shoulder graphic will be seen reading a lead-in introduction before the package is aired and concluding the story with additional information called a tag.

Fall in Love with Writing Essay

Fall in Love with Writing When I was a little girl, I always loved listening to my parents telling me wonderful fairy tales before going to bed, and reading suspense storiesï ¼Å'which had surprising endings that I could never guess right . On my sixth birthday, my mother gave me a lovely notebook with delicate packaging and told me that I could write anything on it, even create my own stories. I was so exciting about it. I stayed up all night trying to write an interesting story. Amazingly, I found myself enjoy writing so much and I couldn’t stop. That’s when I fall in love with writing. When I grew older, writing became one of my favorite things. Writing brings me not only joy, but also a lot of help in my life. When I feel bad, I write my feelings down, and put it away. This is my way of letting go of my negative emotions. I like creating a world that I can breathe in, a world full of imagination, a world with no pain and sadness, a world where I can escape from real life for a fleeting moment, relax and just be myself. Writing helps me think calmly as well. Sometimes it is more logical than speaking. It gives me a chance to clear my thoughts and make my mind organized. When I start writing, unbelievably, the whole world seems to become quiet where new ideas keep jumping out from my mind to my fingers. I can express myself and my beliefs better through writing. Most importantly, I can get to know so many beautiful words. I love the way the words come together when I write, how they can flow effortlessly, and how they can submerse me. After learning about the great writers in history such as Victor Hugo, Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald, I started to realize how powerful words can be and how writing can represent our society and redefine the world. I love writing for the reasons above. Sometimes I just enjoy writing by the way my pen hits the paper, or the way my fingers tap the keyboard. I think writing makes me know more about the world and myself. It gives me a hand when I lost myself and stimulates me to see the truth, to discover both the beauty and how unpleasant our world can be.

What techniques does Shakespeare use to reveal Iago’s villainy?

The play Othello is a stereotypical Shakespearean tragedy and it uses characters that are stereotypical of the views people had during the Jacobean period. Othello is a tragedy because the main characters die at the end f the play, also throughout the play themes of prejudice; deceit and love/hate are introduced. Shakespeare has used other sources other that his imagination for his plays. ‘Othello' was thought to have been taken from Hecatommithi, a collection of Italian short stories written by Giraldi Cinthio, the story seven contains many of the same names and situations as in Othello. In this essay I will analyze and comment on how Shakespeare uses techniques to reveal Iago's villainy. I will look at what effects the techniques Shakespeare uses have on the way Iago is presented to the audience. In act 2 scene 3 ‘Othello' we can clearly see the way Iago uses his surreptitious mind to persuade Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with Casio. Due to Iago's manipulation of Othello, Othello starts to doubt Desdemona's loyalty and becomes under Iago's control. Iago uses a sly way to get Othello's attention and get him to believe what he has to say is true, he uses phrases such as â€Å"my noble lord† using both a personal pronoun by saying â€Å"my† and flattery by calling Othello his â€Å"noble lord† which would be taken as a huge compliment. Othello interestedly says â€Å"what dost thou say, Iago?† Iago the produces a question â€Å"Did Michael Cassio, when you woo'd my lady know of your love?† which is, in this case, the first question to doubt Othello's mind. Othello replies with â€Å"he did, from first to last, why dost thou ask?† meaning Cassio did know about their love, Othello is a it confused by the question so asks Iago why he asked, Iago then sneakily continues with â€Å"but for satisfaction of my thought, no further harm† and this is to keep Othello interested but still in doubt of what's going on and what's the point of it all. Iago used techniques of withholding information, this gets Othello curious as to why Iago is so inquisitive, this makes Othello frustrated by Iago's confusing answers, he demands an answer, this makes the audience feel Othello is not as good character as he seemed and Iago is not as clever as he previously thought. Othello is very clever in the way that he tells Iago , â€Å"yes, and went between us very oft† here he tries to get information out of Iago about what's going on because Othello had been incidentally reminded but Iago that Cassio has easy and frequent access to Desdemona so therefore senses that Iago is lying, which causes Iago to repeat his words out of coyness â€Å"honest my lord†, Iago is then worried that he had gone too far and saves himself with a brief answer to Othello my lord, for aught I know†. However Othello can't be fooled that easily and still suspects something is going on and therefore assumed Iago is withholding information, so asks â€Å"what dost thou think?† Othello then falls deeper into his daze of doubt and tells Iago that he knows there is more to it that meets the eye, â€Å"nay there's more in this.† Iago then tells Othello he is known of being false and nasty but it is what he has seen and heard â€Å"why say they are vilet false†, and Iago says to Othello that he doesn't want to tell him, but needs to â€Å"it is my natures plague to spy into abuse† Iago tells Othello his story. Although Iago is careful not to say anything that could later be used against him, Othello becomes angry and annoyed, yet upset at what he thinks has happened, â€Å"†¦he echoes me, as if there were some monster in his thought too hideous to be shown† but then Iago cleverly ends the subject with â€Å"my lord, you know I love you† so that he can then bring it up later, and at the same time establishes Othello's trust in him. After a long conversation with each other, Iago becomes more persuasive towards Othello, he tries to get Othello to agree with him but also leaving a bit of doubt in what he says â€Å"†¦I think that he is honest†, which Othello automatically believes he is honest if Iago says so, because he trusts him so much and at the time, is believing everything Iago is saying. Also that words Iago uses is important in the persuasion, such as â€Å"men should be what they seem† and â€Å"†¦ I think Cassio's an honest man†, the significance of these words is important because Iago is leaving no evidence and is making sure he is not saying anything that other characters in the play, including Othello can use against him as evidence to prove he is a villain. This makes the readers feel slightly intimidated by the character Iago; he is cunning and devious and is very clever at carrying out his plans toward Othello. Shakespeare uses specific techniques to show that the manipulation of other characters by Iago. Iago makes the characters in the play believe he is honest when in fact he is deceiving them and is going behind their backs to turn others against them. For example, in act 3 scene 3 â€Å"my noble lord†. Iago is gaining Othello's trust by using personal pronouns and addressing him as if they were the best of friends. By gaining Othello's trust, Iago thinks Othello will listen to him more and is more likely to believe what he is saying. By having this advantage of being able to influence what Othello does and says, the other characters wouldn't know what Iago is doing; but with Othello being in charge, Iago technically has control over the other characters by being able to influence Othello's decisions. He later then says â€Å"o beware, my lord of jealousy† in this statement Iago is making Othello think about Cassio trying to get with Desdemona because he is jealous of Othello and Desdemona's relationship. One of Iago's techniques is to find the characters' weaknesses and use it against them. One example of this is when Iago discovers Cassio's weakness was alcohol; Cassio leaves Iago on his own, this gives him time to explain to the audience what he is planning to do. â€Å"If I can fasten but one cup on him†¦ He'll be full of quarrel and offence† Then convinced him to have a few more drinks, he got drunk and started fighting. Iago did this because he wanted to get moved up ranking and wanted Cassio's position so was trying to get him fired. Typical views of Italian men in the renaissance period involve scheming, and devious behavior. Shakespeare created Iago based on the personality traits of a typical Italian stereotype, Machiavelli. Machiavelli did anything it took to get to the top, much like Iago, who was willing to kill people so he could get a higher position, he was also deceitful and devious like Machiavelli because of his two faced treachery. Iago manages to persuade characters in the play to do things that will benefit him, things that they would not normally do, one of the main victims of this particular type of manipulation is Othello, and Iago manages to [persuade Othello to kill Desdemona, the love of his life! He does this by using persuasive techniques such as reverse intention, this occurs throughout the play, when Othello and Iago are talking about Cassio's dream Othello shouts â€Å"monstrous† but Iago then says â€Å"nay† trying to imply it was only a dream, therefore minimizing the significance, at least, this is what Iago would theoretically be trying to do, however in this case he is actually trying to make Othello suspect more than a dream. At this point the audience know Iago is the villain because of the recent goings on in the play relating to trying get Cassio drunk, and his monologues so realize what he is trying to do. Another instance of reverse intention is when Iago states â€Å"let her live† he puts the idea of killing Desdemona in Othello's mind despite never mentioning it in the first place. Iago purposely uses long sentences so Othello only notices the points he wants him to notice, subtly disguising the hints he imploys to imply Desdemona's guilt, â€Å"I do beseech though I perchance and vicious in my guess ( as I confess it is my natures plague they spy into my abuses and of my jealousy shape faults that are not)-that your wisdom from one that is so imperfectly conceits would not notice, nor build yourself a trouble out of his scattering and unsure observance†, Although the character Iago is saying he is vicious in his guess, and then tries to accuse Othello of mistakenly imagining things, he is basically trying to avoid having to say something unpleasant, trying to direct Othello away from the point that was made. The commentary then gets Othello confused, he asks, â€Å"What dost thou mean?† Iago then has tie plain it, quite distressing Othello, it makes Othello think Iago is accusing him of a life of jealousy which he gets quite offended by. In the play, Shakespeare purposely structures it Iago's villainy it revealed at the end, if this were not the case, and the characters realized Iago's villainy at the beginning or earlier on in the play, there would be no storyline, the play is only based around two days, here would be no themes of deceit, death, heartbreak and villainy, so structuring the play in this way was the best way of presenting the tragedy. Also, because the play was only based on two days, this would not gave given Desdemona any time to be unfaithful to Othello, therefore undermining the belief for Othello's guilt. Iago is clever by covering his deception by never saying anything that he would think Othello would take offence to or not believe, he only says things he knows Othello is thinking anyway so he doesn't get himself into trouble, he never even suggests anything he just presents them as mere ideas so people have nothing to blame on him later on it the play † to grosses issues, nor larger reach than to suspicion† Iago is urging Othello to take a different course of action in certainty he is only planting the idea in his mind. Racism and prejudice would be a difficult theme to portray if Iago's villainy was revealed at the beginning, Othello would never befriend a known villain because he is hated enough for his race, he feels alien to Desdemona and his other characters n the play, â€Å"his own clime, complexion and degree†, this makes Othello feel alienated, â€Å"set on thy wife†, Othello has moved from feeling fine to feeling low, he sunk very quickly after Iago mentioned he is different to Desdemona, he took things to heart easily and took offence very easily. Until the end, Othello has no suspicion towards Iago's villainy, this is strange as Iago is trying to turn Othello against his beloved wife, he tries to imply this has cheated on him, he is jealous and he is imagining things, all false accusations, yet Othello notices nothing, because of the repeated use of the word honest when talking about Iago.